Structure and function of organelles (nucleus, mitochondria, ER, Golgi, lysosomes)
Fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane
Passive vs. active transport (diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, pumps)
Tonicity and its effects on cells (hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic)
Endosymbiotic theory and evidence for it
Surface area–to–volume ratio and its influence on cell size and efficiency